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This paper examines 10 years of political transition in Cambodia. It is particularly relevant because Cambodia has just passed through a third stage of transition in the form of national grass roots elections to dilute elite power. The scope of the paper covers the three elections in the period 1991–2002 and is located in Dankwart Rustow's transition theory. I conclude that while basic elements of the theory hold true, qualifications are required in relation to the length of the 'acceptance' phase for the elites, and the extent to which, even after 10 years, habitually normalised democratic processes are still unreliable at best, and violent at worst.

Looks at the progress which has been made towards securing peace in Cambodia. Considers the problems of refugees, the infestation of land-mines, phantom cease-fires and the difficulties of incorporating the Khmer Rouge into a lasting settlement.

ABSTRACTThe paper presents an ecological risk‐assessment methodology which (a) addresses surface‐water exposures to aquatic mammals and birds, and (b) accounts for long‐term accumulation and biomagnification of pollutants. The methodology has been adapted from those developed in the USA for compliance with US Environmental Protection Agency requirements, and combines predicted or measured surface‐water concentration data with information on the natural history of wildlife species and chemical‐specific bioaccumulation factors, to determine whether estimated exposures would exceed toxicological criteria. Whilst the methodology is applied to metals in leachate discharges from landfill sites, the general approach is applicable to other industrial sites. The approach could provide the basis for a shift towards more numerical risk‐based ecological assessments in a wide variety of contexts.